Bit manipulation

Using Arduino Programming Questions
1

Hi
Heres the result of a little test i made of bit manipulation on a Nano (mega168), as i didn't understand how it worked. hope i will help somebody.

Observations:

  1. _BV(24) and (1<< 24) dosn't work with unsigned Long
  2. it seems that bit(2) , _BV(2) , (1<< 2) set AND reset all bits - bitSet (d, 2) and e |= bit (2) set ONLY 1 bit
  3. _BV(15) and (1<< 15) gives odd results.....
void setup () {
  Serial.begin (115200);

  unsigned long a, b, c, d, e;
  a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0, e = 0;
  Serial.println("unsigned long a, b, c, d, e;\r\n");
  Serial.print ("agument"); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.print ("DEC"); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println ("BIN");
  Serial.print("a = bit(2) ");   a = bit (2);   Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (a); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (a, BIN);
  Serial.print("b = _BV(2) ");   b = _BV (2);  Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (b); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (b, BIN);
  Serial.print("c = (1<< 2) ");  c = (1 << 2); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (c); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (c, BIN);
  Serial.print("bitSet (d, 2) "); bitSet (d, 2); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (d); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (d, BIN);
  Serial.print("e |= bit (2) "); e |= bit (2); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (e); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (e, BIN);
  Serial.println("######### Reset #########");
  a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0, e = 0;
  Serial.print("a = bit(24) ");   a = bit (24);  Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (a); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.println (a, BIN);
  Serial.print("b = _BV(24) ");   b = _BV (24);  Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (b); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (b, BIN);
  Serial.print("c = (1<< 24) ");  c = (1 << 24); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (c); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (c, BIN);
  Serial.print("bitSet (d, 24) "); bitSet (d, 24); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (d); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.println (d, BIN);
  Serial.print("e |= bit (24) "); e |= bit (24);  Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (e); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.println (e, BIN);
  Serial.println("######### Reset #########");
  a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0, e = 0;
  Serial.print("a = bit(15) ");   a = bit (15); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (a); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (a, BIN);
  Serial.print("b = _BV(15) ");   b = _BV (15); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (b); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.println (b, BIN);
  Serial.print("c = (1<< 15) ");  c = (1 << 15); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (c); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.println (c, BIN);
  Serial.print("bitSet (d, 15) "); bitSet (d, 15); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (d); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (d, BIN);
  Serial.print("e |= bit (15) "); e |= bit (15);  Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (e); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (e, BIN);
  Serial.println("********* NO Reset ********");
 // a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0, e = 0;
  Serial.print("a = bit(2) ");   a = bit (2); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (a); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (a, BIN);
  Serial.print("b = _BV(2) ");   b = _BV (2); Serial.print ("\t");  Serial.print (b); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (b, BIN);
  Serial.print("c = (1<< 2) ");  c = (1 << 2); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (c); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (c, BIN);
  Serial.print("bitSet (d, 2) "); bitSet (d, 2); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (d); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (d, BIN);
  Serial.print("e |= bit (2) "); e |= bit (2);  Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (e); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (e, BIN);
  Serial.println("######### Reset #########");
  a = 0, b = 0, c = 0, d = 0, e = 0;
  Serial.print("a = bit(2) ");   a = bit (2);  Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (a); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (a, BIN);
  Serial.print("b = _BV(2) ");   b = _BV (2);   Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (b); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (b, BIN);
  Serial.print("c = (1<< 2) ");  c = (1 << 2); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (c); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (c, BIN);
  Serial.print("bitSet (d, 2) "); bitSet (d, 2); Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (d); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (d, BIN);
  Serial.print("e |= bit (2) "); e |= bit (2);  Serial.print ("\t"); Serial.print (e); Serial.print ("\t\t"); Serial.println (e, BIN);
}  // end of setup

void loop () { }

Output:
unsigned long a, b, c, d, e;
agument DEC BIN
a = bit(2) 4 100
b = _BV(2) 4 100
c = (1<< 2) 4 100
bitSet (d, 2) 4 100
e |= bit (2) 4 100
######### Reset #########
a = bit(24) 16777216 1000000000000000000000000
b = _BV(24) 0 0
c = (1<< 24) 0 0
bitSet (d, 24) 16777216 1000000000000000000000000
e |= bit (24) 16777216 1000000000000000000000000
######### Reset #########
a = bit(15) 32768 1000000000000000
b = _BV(15) 4294934528 11111111111111111000000000000000
c = (1<< 15) 4294934528 11111111111111111000000000000000
bitSet (d, 15) 32768 1000000000000000
e |= bit (15) 32768 1000000000000000
********* NO Reset ********
a = bit(2) 4 100
b = _BV(2) 4 100
c = (1<< 2) 4 100
bitSet (d, 2) 32772 1000000000000100
e |= bit (2) 32772 1000000000000100
######### Reset #########
a = bit(2) 4 100
b = _BV(2) 4 100
c = (1<< 2) 4 100
bitSet (d, 2) 4 100
e |= bit (2) 4 100

2

Sure, (1<<24) is an int expression. You need (1L << 24).

3

use bit()

why?

#define _BV(bit) (1 << (bit))

#define bit(b) (1UL << (b))

and:
https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-d&q=bit()+vs+_BV

4

I think "_BV()" was intended for use with avr processor registers. I'm pretty sure none of those are bigger than 16 bits. If you use '1ul << n' instead of '1 << n' then _BV() is the only one that has problems.

agument		DEC		BIN
a = bit(2) 	4		100
b = _BV(2) 	4		100
c = (1ul << 2) 	4		100
bitSet (d, 2) 	4		100
e |= bit (2) 	4		100
######### Reset #########
a = bit(24) 	16777216	1000000000000000000000000
b = _BV(24) 	0		0
c = (1ul << 24) 	16777216		1000000000000000000000000
bitSet (d, 24) 	16777216	1000000000000000000000000
e |= bit (24) 	16777216	1000000000000000000000000
######### Reset #########
a = bit(15) 	32768		1000000000000000
b = _BV(15) 	4294934528	11111111111111111000000000000000
c = (1ul << 15) 	32768	1000000000000000
bitSet (d, 15) 	32768		1000000000000000
e |= bit (15) 	32768		1000000000000000
********* NO Reset ********
a = bit(2) 	4		100
b = _BV(2) 	4		100
c = (1ul<< 2) 	4		100
bitSet (d, 2) 	32772		1000000000000100
e |= bit (2) 	32772		1000000000000100
######### Reset #########
a = bit(2) 	4		100
b = _BV(2) 	4		100
c = (1ul<< 2) 	4		100
bitSet (d, 2) 	4		100
e |= bit (2) 	4		100