My instructor bought a couple of ATMega328P microcontrollers without bootloaders from SparkFun and i built a parallel programmer to burn a bootloader on to it and when i tried burning a bootloader w/parallel programmer it gave this error:
avrdude: AVR device not responding
avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1
avrdude: Yikes! Invalid device signature.
avrdude: Expected signature for ATMEGA328P is 1E 95 0F
avrdude: AVR device not responding
***failed;
avrdude: verification error, first mismatch at byte 0x0000
0x05 != 0x07
avrdude: verification error; content mismatch
i checked my wires and solder connections and tried again and got the same error as before.
There's nothing magical about the Arduino board, but you may need SOME components to complete a programming task. If the programmer doesn't have them, it could be a problem. Read the ATmega328 datasheet and see what components are required for flashing.