While true for uninitialized GLOBAL variables it's a bad assumption that uninitialized LOCAL variables will be zero. Uninitialized LOCAL variables will contain whatever garbage is on the stack.
Something a little more easy to follow -
const unsigned long ONE_SECOND = 1000UL;
void loop()
{
int Ua = analogRead(A0);
Serial.print("Ua: "); Serial.println(Ua);
int Ub = analogRead(A1);
Serial.print("Ub: "); Serial.println(Ub);
delay(ONE_SECOND);
int Dehnung = Ua - Ub;
Serial.print("Dehnung: "); Serial.println(Dehnung);
}
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}