Hi.
I can tell you that the reasonably priced STLINK-V3MINIE works perfectly as a programmer when used with the "STM32 MCU based boards" Arduino boards platform (AKA "STM32duino").
I have only used it with the more common STM32F103C8 dev board ("Blue Pill") that I have on hand, so I can't say for certain that it will work with your STM32G030C8T6 board, but I don't have any reason to think it wouldn't work.
Yes, it can. I have the STLINK-V3MINIE and I have used it to program the STM32G030F6P6, STM32C011F4U6 among others without any problem.
I have tried to look the specifications on this MPU. It is a fast processor with a lot of memory and a double precision FPU. But the specs seems to specify no ADC, and I think I need at least two ADCs to measure currents for motor FOC control. The only "normal" Arduino MCU I found with with two ADCs is the ESP32. The STM32G474 have got five ADCs and six internal Op-amps.
The STM32H747XIH6 has 3 16-bit ADC and 2 OpAmps
