compiled data

PyrusBoy · December 8, 2020, 11:27am

Good morning,
May not be correct board, but as near as I could identify.
I have made several games for the grandkids using Arduino and teaching them how to do simpler tasks.
Being quick of brain and wanting to know everything, the question came up "What is the compiled like, that which is sent to Arduino. My question is : Is it possible to print out these 'instructions' codes?. I may not be able to explain them but at least they can be seen and appreciated.
Many thanks
RA.

Erik_Baas · December 8, 2020, 12:04pm

Click Sketch -> Export compiled Binary in the IDE to save your sketch. In the same folder there will be a file named "xxx.ino.standard.hex", containing hex numbers like this:

:100000000C9453000C947B000C947B000C947B00AC
:100010000C947B000C947B000C947B000C947B0074
:100020000C947B000C947B000C947B000C947B0064
:100030000C947B000C947B000C947B000C947B0054
:100040000C94A1010C947B000C9411020C94EB0114
:100050000C947B000C947B000C947B000C947B0034
:100060000C947B000C947B0000000000250028000D
:100070002B0000000000240027002A0004040404D0
:100080000404040402020202020203030303030342
:10009000010204081020408001020408102001021F
:1000A00004081020F90211241FBECFEFD8E0DEBFF4
:1000B000CDBF11E0A0E0B1E0E6E6F6E002C00590B9
:1000C0000D92A636B107D9F722E0A6E6B1E001C04D
:1000D0001D92AC30B207E1F710E0C3E5D0E004C0F8
:1000E0002197FE010E942603C235D107C9F70E945D
 etc...

~~I'm still searching for~~ a tool to translate this to assembler opcodes...

(edit): "C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr\bin\avr-objdump.exe" should do it. I haven't tested it. See also:

PyrusBoy · December 8, 2020, 1:19pm

Thank you very much Erik,
Even at 6 years old the oldest can make led's blink and turn digital on and off for relays and print to 20 x 4 led display.
If I can help get even one interested into computer practicalities that will make a 76 year old happy.
All the best
RA.

gcjr · December 8, 2020, 2:09pm

(partial) AVR assembler code produced by the compiler (using -S option)

	.file	"Tst.ino.cpp"
__SP_H__ = 0x3e
__SP_L__ = 0x3d
__SREG__ = 0x3f
__tmp_reg__ = 0
__zero_reg__ = 1
	.text
	.section	.text._ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEm,"axG",@progbits,_ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEm,comdat
	.weak	_ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEm
	.type	_ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEm, @function
_ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEm:
	push r28
	push r29
	rcall .
	rcall .
	rcall .
	in r28,__SP_L__
	in r29,__SP_H__
/* prologue: function */
/* frame size = 6 */
/* stack size = 8 */
.L__stack_usage = 8
	std Y+2,r25
	std Y+1,r24
	std Y+3,r20
	std Y+4,r21
	std Y+5,r22
	std Y+6,r23
	ldd r24,Y+3
	ldd r25,Y+4
	ldd r26,Y+5
	ldd r27,Y+6
	ldd r30,Y+1
	ldd r31,Y+2
	ldi r18,lo8(6)
	movw r20,r24
	movw r22,r26
	movw r24,r30
	call _ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEmh
	nop
/* epilogue start */
	adiw r28,6
	in __tmp_reg__,__SREG__
	cli
	out __SP_H__,r29
	out __SREG__,__tmp_reg__
	out __SP_L__,r28
	pop r29
	pop r28
	ret
	.size	_ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEm, .-_ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEm
	.section	.rodata
	.type	_ZL2SS, @object
	.size	_ZL2SS, 1
_ZL2SS:
	.byte	10
	.type	_ZL4MOSI, @object
	.size	_ZL4MOSI, 1
_ZL4MOSI:
	.byte	11
	.type	_ZL4MISO, @object
	.size	_ZL4MISO, 1
_ZL4MISO:
	.byte	12
	.type	_ZL3SCK, @object
	.size	_ZL3SCK, 1
_ZL3SCK:
	.byte	13
	.type	_ZL3SDA, @object
	.size	_ZL3SDA, 1
_ZL3SDA:
	.byte	18
	.type	_ZL3SCL, @object
	.size	_ZL3SCL, 1
_ZL3SCL:
	.byte	19
	.type	_ZL2A0, @object
	.size	_ZL2A0, 1
_ZL2A0:
	.byte	14
	.type	_ZL2A1, @object
	.size	_ZL2A1, 1
_ZL2A1:
	.byte	15
	.type	_ZL2A2, @object
	.size	_ZL2A2, 1
_ZL2A2:
	.byte	16
	.type	_ZL2A3, @object
	.size	_ZL2A3, 1
_ZL2A3:
	.byte	17
	.type	_ZL2A4, @object
	.size	_ZL2A4, 1
_ZL2A4:
	.byte	18
	.type	_ZL2A5, @object
	.size	_ZL2A5, 1
_ZL2A5:
	.byte	19
	.type	_ZL2A6, @object
	.size	_ZL2A6, 1
_ZL2A6:
	.byte	20
	.type	_ZL2A7, @object
	.size	_ZL2A7, 1
_ZL2A7:
	.byte	21
.global	butPins
	.data
	.type	butPins, @object
	.size	butPins, 3
butPins:
	.byte	15
	.byte	16
	.byte	17
.global	butSt
	.section .bss
	.type	butSt, @object
	.size	butSt, 3
butSt:
	.zero	3
.global	butDbnc
	.type	butDbnc, @object
	.size	butDbnc, 12
butDbnc:
	.zero	12
.global	ledPins
	.data
	.type	ledPins, @object
	.size	ledPins, 4
ledPins:
	.byte	10
	.byte	11
	.byte	12
	.byte	13
.global	patLed_1
	.type	patLed_1, @object
	.size	patLed_1, 6
patLed_1:
	.byte	10
	.byte	10
	.byte	10
	.byte	10
	.byte	10
	.byte	10
.global	patDly_1
	.type	patDly_1, @object
	.size	patDly_1, 24
patDly_1:
	.byte	-6
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	-6
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	-6
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	-6
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	-6
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	-6
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
	.byte	0
.global	patSt_1
	.type	patSt_1, @object
	.size	patSt_1, 6
patSt_1:
	.byte	0
	.byte	1
	.byte	0
	.byte	1
	.byte	0
	.byte	1
.global	idx
	.section .bss
	.type	idx, @object
	.size	idx, 2
idx:
	.zero	2
.global	s
	.type	s, @object
	.size	s, 80
s:
	.zero	80
.global	msec
	.type	msec, @object
	.size	msec, 4
msec:
	.zero	4
	.text
.global	setup
	.type	setup, @function
setup:
	push r28
	push r29
	rcall .
	rcall .
	in r28,__SP_L__
	in r29,__SP_H__
/* prologue: function */
/* frame size = 4 */
/* stack size = 6 */
.L__stack_usage = 6
	ldi r20,lo8(-128)
	ldi r21,lo8(37)
	ldi r22,0
	ldi r23,0
	ldi r24,lo8(Serial)
	ldi r25,hi8(Serial)
	call _ZN14HardwareSerial5beginEm
	std Y+2,__zero_reg__
	std Y+1,__zero_reg__
.L4:
	ldd r24,Y+1
	ldd r25,Y+2
	sbiw r24,3
	brsh .L3
	ldd r24,Y+1
	ldd r25,Y+2
	subi r24,lo8(-(butPins))
	sbci r25,hi8(-(butPins))
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	ldi r22,lo8(2)
	call pinMode
	ldd r24,Y+1
	ldd r25,Y+2
	subi r24,lo8(-(butPins))
	sbci r25,hi8(-(butPins))
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	call digitalRead
	mov r18,r24
	ldd r24,Y+1
	ldd r25,Y+2
	subi r24,lo8(-(butSt))
	sbci r25,hi8(-(butSt))
	movw r30,r24
	st Z,r18
	ldd r24,Y+1
	ldd r25,Y+2
	adiw r24,1
	std Y+2,r25
	std Y+1,r24
	rjmp .L4
.L3:
	std Y+4,__zero_reg__
	std Y+3,__zero_reg__
.L6:
	ldd r24,Y+3
	ldd r25,Y+4
	sbiw r24,4
	brsh .L7
	ldd r24,Y+3
	ldd r25,Y+4
	subi r24,lo8(-(ledPins))
	sbci r25,hi8(-(ledPins))
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	ldi r22,lo8(1)
	call digitalWrite
	ldd r24,Y+3
	ldd r25,Y+4
	subi r24,lo8(-(ledPins))
	sbci r25,hi8(-(ledPins))
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	ldi r22,lo8(1)
	call pinMode
	ldd r24,Y+3
	ldd r25,Y+4
	adiw r24,1
	std Y+4,r25
	std Y+3,r24
	rjmp .L6
.L7:
	nop
/* epilogue start */
	pop __tmp_reg__
	pop __tmp_reg__
	pop __tmp_reg__
	pop __tmp_reg__
	pop r29
	pop r28
	ret
	.size	setup, .-setup
	.local	_ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst
	.comm	_ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst,4,1
	.section	.rodata
.LC0:
	.string	"%s: begin idx %d, msec %ld"
	.text
.global	_Z7patternPhPmS_Pii
	.type	_Z7patternPhPmS_Pii, @function
_Z7patternPhPmS_Pii:
	push r16
	push r17
	push r28
	push r29
	in r28,__SP_L__
	in r29,__SP_H__
	sbiw r28,10
	in __tmp_reg__,__SREG__
	cli
	out __SP_H__,r29
	out __SREG__,__tmp_reg__
	out __SP_L__,r28
/* prologue: function */
/* frame size = 10 */
/* stack size = 14 */
.L__stack_usage = 14
	std Y+2,r25
	std Y+1,r24
	std Y+4,r23
	std Y+3,r22
	std Y+6,r21
	std Y+5,r20
	std Y+8,r19
	std Y+7,r18
	std Y+10,r17
	std Y+9,r16
	ldd r24,Y+7
	ldd r25,Y+8
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	ldd r25,Z+1
	ldd r18,Y+9
	ldd r19,Y+10
	cp r24,r18
	cpc r25,r19
	brlt .+2
	rjmp .L12
	ldd r24,Y+7
	ldd r25,Y+8
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	ldd r25,Z+1
	or r24,r25
	brne .L11
	lds r24,_ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst
	lds r25,_ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst+1
	lds r26,_ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst+2
	lds r27,_ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst+3
	or r24,r25
	or r24,r26
	or r24,r27
	brne .L11
	lds r24,msec
	lds r25,msec+1
	lds r26,msec+2
	lds r27,msec+3
	sts _ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst,r24
	sts _ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst+1,r25
	sts _ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst+2,r26
	sts _ZZ7patternPhPmS_PiiE7msecLst+3,r27
	ldd r24,Y+7
	ldd r25,Y+8
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	ldd r25,Z+1
	movw r18,r24
	ldd r24,Y+5
	ldd r25,Y+6
	add r24,r18
	adc r25,r19
	movw r30,r24
	ld r20,Z
	ldd r24,Y+7
	ldd r25,Y+8
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	ldd r25,Z+1
	movw r18,r24
	ldd r24,Y+1
	ldd r25,Y+2
	add r24,r18
	adc r25,r19
	movw r30,r24
	ld r24,Z
	mov r22,r20
	call digitalWrite
	rjmp .L8

artisian · January 19, 2021, 4:55pm

If you click on compile the IDE starts arduino-builder which runs the toolchain with respect to the options set in the preferences file.
If you show "verbose output" you'll notice that there is a call to avr-size at the end of the compilation which returns the space requirements of your sketch.
I have renamed avr-size.exe on windows and replaced it by a batch script which automatically generates the .asm code from the .elf file and then invokes the original avr-size command to create the regular IDE output.
This way I always have the assembler output at hand without any extra hassle if I want to see what the compiler created from the source code.

@echo OFF
SET SIZEcmd="%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Arduino15\packages\arduino\tools\avr-gcc\7.3.0-atmel3.6.1-arduino7\bin\avr-size_orig.exe"
SET DUMPcmd="C:\Program Files (x86)\Arduino\hardware\tools\avr\bin\avr-objdump.exe"
SET DUMPopts=-S -h -l
SET ELFfile=%~f2
SET TEMPdir=%~dp2

%DUMPcmd% %DUMPopts% %ELFfile% > "%ELFfile%".asm 
%SIZEcmd% %*

system · May 19, 2021, 4:55pm

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compiled data

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