complex project, need advices

No, thats not what u asked for. U asked a way to record, loop, quantize, transpose if requested, etc... A bit like the some cheap instructional keyboards do, like transposing it depending on what note u chose, and according to a scale...Is that it ?

yes, that's more this direction, that simple.
actualy it would be a sequencer/arpegiator , but i think it's written sequencer on the pro one, though it's like an arpegiator.
no , indeed, it's not a sequencer in the sense of something like a cubase sequencer, or a midi recorder from cubase ...

yes, and in the end there's a default time signature, synchronised with the global tempo knob.
and in the end of the sequence, it restarts all over again if i selected this option. this is where i'll have to do some programming perhaps, but since i saw that i could program the light of the little led as i wanted, why not ? the sequence just restarted all over again. same principle here.
i'd have to program an architecture where some features of 24 lines can be edited in real time by the controlers, and it would have to understand what note has been chosen for each of the 24 lines, to process them and send them back when hit play.
these are the main lines of the architecture of my project.

then, it's getting more complex, but it would allow me to do whatever i want to do, some cool bas lines à la michael jackson, herbie hancock, jan hammer etc , pure kitsh, pure cool 80'.

and play guitar on it, and my drumer playing with me. a lot of things would be possible to do this way, and to me, it's simple, opened to inspiration ...
no need to set a precise midi track etc like in cubase , or if i need this , my sequencer could have its midi output recorded into cubase anyway, before sending it back to the synth. And then cubase would let me go further, but i don't need that, i like this idea of this simple arpegiator/sequencer, with some notes that may pop out of the line with a tad more velocity, or some bit longer lenghts sometimes, that's all.
just a cool riff interface, that i can transpose sometimes ( so it lets me play the guitar the rest of the time ) , maybe with a foot controler for an octave or two for example ..
this way it's intuitive, fast, fun.

one of the best examples here , listen to the main synth line from jan hammer. Then jan hammer and jeff beck play arround it with a super cool rythm in the end. Very evolved music :

AHHHHHHHHHH We finally got somewhere ! lol
yeah, that seems much easier.

^^
see ? that's that simple ! that's all i always described

apparently it's written sequencer and arpegiator on the pro one, though it's not a sequencer like cubase, more like an arpegiator. But sometimes it's called differently, and in the end i called it a sequencer cause it's working on a sequence anyway. when transposing, it's becoming an arpegio being played;

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there's a little board, modern, that exists to replace one rare 8021 chip from the pro one, responsible of the sequencer/arpegiator, but it doesn't feature the midi unfortunately, or i'd have bought it.

Thinking about it, still has quite a bit of work involved, mind. and will still need to be around the time signature. OK-ish for simple basic ones( 2/4,4/4, etc) quite more complicated to complex ones. Maybe best way is design an embeded metronome with a led, to solve the time issue.
as quantizing goes, you have to think about the division of the tempo, and you know how auto quantizing is prone to mistakes(live aint a good thing), So id probably just stick with the arpegiator side of it. what synth you have?!? Most can do quantizing themselves
Wouldnt it be much easier to define the tempo on the synth, and maybe have the arduino read the MTC ?!?!
http://www.sparkfun.com/products/9595 maybe you can start with this for your tests and exxperiment/dev of the code, etc

yes and no.
yes, i'll get this midi board off course.
but i'll start little by little.
i don't think it should be so complicated to solve any time issue. It's like leds blipping, but instead of one led, it's 24 leds, and all can be adjusted in intensity and individual lenght, more or less. But the essential resides in this :

sending current to led one, then sending current to led 2, then sending current to led 3 ( with a little variation of intensity, then etc, then start all over : send current to led one, etc ..

i think that adjusting the speed of this basic process is something programmable, and controlable with a knob in the end. then, it's all about the ear, that's all. no need to know that it goes at 53,000025 bps etc

the arduino will read with its sample rate the updates of values assigned to the different values that can be controled. that's all.

the difficult part although, to me, is how to make the arduino to record a serie of infos, to then work on it.

This seems to be the perfect base for what you want to do. He has done a rotator but you can easy change it to arpergiate instead and also the rotator as well. Also ability to create patterns so its quite down the line you wanted innit ?
Uses the rugged midi shield http://ruggedcircuits.com/html/flexible_midi_shield.html