For an art project I want to be able to read data in real time, and make my Arduino react accordingly.
Say for instance: if the population of Tokyo rises above a certain number, a LED will turn on. Or if the temperature of Paris falls within a certain range, a motor will twist once.
How do I get started with this? How do I read data, and where can I find this data? And can I upload data to the IoT myself?
You can use Arduino Opla IoT kit. It has everything you need to create an excellent and compact IOT project. It has built-in sensors, LEDs, Motor connection port, you just have to get a motor to connect to it to have your project ready.
It is also very easy to program. Take a look at https://opla.arduino.cc/