Control the speed of a 24 V DC motor with extra control voltage wire with Arduin

ProTob:
No I have not. I think that could be the missing piece.


I attached the drawing. I am not familiar with those drawings though, sorry. The dashed line is the missing connection, I think.

That very much looks like a missing link. Without it, it won't work (though if you have connected the grounds of the two power supplies together, that should be enough - but you didn't draw that part).

You may also be able to improve the control by adding a smoothing cap on your PWM output, which helps to convert your PWM blockwave into a fairly constant DC voltage.