I'll be building a system similar to 3d printers but I'm fairly new on arduino. The system will have have 5 stepper motors 17HS4401, 6 heater cartridges and 8 thermostats. Ill be using a 12 V 30 A power supply, ramps 1.4 and arduino mega. Are those components feasible? Should I change any component?
Nobody can answer your questions without knowing many more details of your project. Driving the steppers by 1.7A sums up to 17A, so the 30A supply will be sufficient for that part.
I'd suggest that you finish the mechanical construction first, then determine the required motors and finally the power supply. NEMA 17 motors are available in a range of torques, exchangeable without changes to their mounting.