Correct Resistor for maximum light output on Red LED

Do I need a resistor in circuit which isn't calling for it?

Your pin's output resistance is there to help.

Most of those leds have 3.5v fwd voltage drop. That means the resistance needed is about (5-3.5)/20ma = 70ohm. Your pin's output resistance is about 50ohm so you are in the right ballpark, without a separate resistor.