Arduino as a language is pretty much a scaled back version of C.
You are going to want to use several of the libraries commonly used, specifically I2C and LCD, and probably use a software serial port for the GPS. I think there's even a library for parsing GPS data automatically, as well as for the accelerometers commonly used and SD read/write.
Arduino libraries make dealing with most of this pretty simple, it's amazing at times how many well-written Arduino libraries there are out there.