My first time using an Arduino without reading much on tutorials and such....
I connected the 5v port to the 13 pin port and the L light lit up for a second and faded out, then I could smell electrical smoke and one tiny component on the board was extremely hot to the touch. Even though this happened, my pc did not show any signs of "frying".
At this point I don't really care about the Arduino, i'm more concerned about my desktop PC.
Did this do any damage to my motherboard (on my pc)? Should I be worried?
If the USB port of the PC is still working, then the chances are that USB board has survived, but something on your arduino burned. Normally, if you power up a new arduino via USB port, and nothing else is done to the arduino, it shouldn't burn.
Just tried that without a breadboard just by touching the connections together.
GND > RESISTOR > LED PIN 1 > LED PIN 2 > PORT 13
Didnt work.
Like I said I care more about my PC. What I really want to know is if it's possible for the arduino and one jumper to damage a usb port / motherboard? Is it capable? Does a configuration exist where this would damage the USB?
Hook up some external devices (e.g. USB keyboard, mouse, scanner, printer, whatever) to the USB port that you used. If the PC is still working and you can still use the connected device, your PC is still OK.
Connecting 5V to pin 13 of the Arduino has more than likely killed at least that pin and possibly killed the main microcontroller on the Arduino board. The 'small' component that got hot is probably the voltage regulator.
Maybe you can fix up your uno if you can work with surface mount things. That chip may be the Op Amp chip.... LM358. Replace it and then you should be good to go. Otherwise, just buy a heap of UNO boards. They're a dime a dozen these days. Or maybe a dime for 2 dozen.
Opamp is probably trashed (so the external power won't work either), and pin 13 is likely damaged as well.
USB ports are generally quite resilient to being shorted out - no compliant USB host should be damaged by shorting out the USB power. The USB standard requires current limiting (debris can easily get into the large rectangular connectors).
Putting an excessive positive voltage (ie, higher than 5v) onto the USB 5v rail seems to be more destructive (I've seen a couple posts here about that over the past year or so - but none reporting port damage from a simple short, which is a much more common fault condition).