I do not have the 2000mah power supply. And I kinda want to add an ON/OFF switch on the 9V battery. Would the car still work?
What would be the new wirings if I put the Sensor Shield V5.0 on the Arduino UNO?
I am new to arduino, especially on the wirings and stuffs. Also, I am worried if it would damage the UNO board if I change at least one of the components on the image ...
No.
LoL. No way.
When it comes to batteries, voltage is not the only measure. Capacity is also important. If you Google for the capacity of a 9V (PP3) battery, it says about 550mAh, so one quarter of the battery you don't have. Even an AAA battery has a higher capacity, although it of course has a much lower voltage,
Maximum current is also important, especially where motors are involved. Normally, the higher the capacity, the higher the maximum current. But when you draw a larger current from a battery, you find a problem. The internal resistance of the battery means that it's voltage drops. This is certainly true for PP3 9V batteries.
I would suggest to consider 3xAA or 4xAA NiMh cells. You can get 3xAA or 4xAA holders with the same connector as 9V battery. They can be recharged in an common household recharger.
4xAA NiMh is enough to power the Uno, through its 5V pin (not Vin pin).
There is a mistake in your connection diagram above. With a 3.7V input, your motor driver cannot output 5V to power the ultrasonic sensor. But it should be fine with 4xAA NiMH.
Did you notice I keep repeating "NiMH"? Do not use 4xAA non-rechargeable. The voltage would be too high and could cause damage.
You seem to be using a L298 driver module. These are not recommended for use with lower voltage batteries like li-ion, li-po or 3x or 4x AA batteries. You probably need at least 6~7V battery to make you motors run at full speed because L298 is very old and inefficient. There are much better motor drivers available that won't waste the voltage and allow your motors to run faster.
You have posted a nice looking frizzy picture which is almost useless for troubleshooting. If that red thing is a L298 driver you should replace it, you will lose 33% of your 9 volts as heat. There are many CAD programs available at no cost such as KiCad (works on most platforms) which even has Arduino modules in its libraries. You will not learn it in a few evenings but as you learn it the electronics will make a lot more sense to you.
Try it and let us know.
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