Download information from ATmega328p through USB

Yes, it is for sure possible to read data from SD-Card and stream it to the Serial Monitor.
Just keep in mind, that a Arduino Uno will reboot, if you connect it to serial. But as you have your data on SD, that should not be an issue.

By the way, if you think about "Downloading" Data from SD via Ethernet using an Ethernet/SD Shield instead of Serial connection, I have a short example here: https://werner.rothschopf.net/microcontroller/202108_arduino_webserver_ntp_sd_en.htm