has:
Which looks like they tested their 17HS19-2004S1 up to 1200 rpm with 24V and 2.4A. The "1600 Microstep" looks more like 1600step/rev or 1/8 microstep from the 32000pps = 1200RPM numbers on the chart.
These sorts of high-tech motor drivers do current limiting so they can apply high voltages for very short amounts of time to keep the average currents from burning up things. As you accelerate, if the higher-speed torque isn't strong enough to actually accelerate the rotation, you'll see problems like skipped steps and loss of speed as the coil forcing gets out of phase with the rotor-stator alignment.
With no load, it seems entirely possible to use this motor at 24V, the TMC2209's default/non-UART 1/8 microstepping and set for a current limit that doesn't overheat your driver. (1A?)
An Uno running FastAccelStepper seems capable of delivering 32000pps to multiple stepper drivers per this simulation:
If your physical motor can't keep up with the steps, maybe increase the supply voltage and slow down the acceleration so the speed increases don't need as much torque.