I built an H-bridge with 4 transistors to control a DC motor, and it's working fine but there's a loss of power somewhere in the circuit and thus I'm not getting enough power for the motor. The transistors I'm using are PN2222A. In the attachment is schematic for half the H-bridge that seems to lose the power somewhere. If I connect the motor straight to 5V and GND it's fine. Any ideas how I should build the H-bridge to drive the motor that doesn't lose so much power?
I'm trying to learn the basics here so if someone could explain what's going on it would be nice (:
The motor draws a current of 0,78125 A @ 5 volts, according to your drawing.
But it will need more to start.
Your transistors and the L293D aren't capable of that.
If i read correct earlier today, those transistors can handle 800 mA.
Wrong, that's the 2N2222, the PN2222A is supposed to do 1 A.
So that could be OK.
Each transistor will have 0.5 to 0.7V drop across it.
If you want less drop, try a PNP transistor for the top.
Or switch to logic level, very low Rds P-channel MOSFETs for the top and N-channel MOSTETs for the bottom.
I wasn't aware of the voltage drop caused by transistors. I measured that for motor it's 4.08V, so ~0.5V/transistor. I tried to change the motor supply voltage to 9V to compensate the drop, but it's still exactly the same 4.08V?! Why is this?
Its rated 70mA-350mA, 3.7V.
You have a bunch of other stuff in your video, and you appear to be powering from USB, which has 500mA limit from a PC.
To get the higher currents for the motor, you need a better transistor:
IC = 150mA, IB = 15mA
IC = 500mA, IB = 50mA << you have to drive the base with more current to get this kind of level.
Find better transistors that will let more current flow with lower base current. Or use logic level, low Rds MOSFETs.
You might just get that circuit to work if you replace the transistors with high gain low saturation voltage ones such as ZTX851, do away with the base resistor on the upper transistor, reduce the base resistor on the lower transistor to 220 ohms, and add flyback diodes. But you risk overloading the Arduino output pin. Far better to use a motor driver chip such as this one http://uk.farnell.com/vishay-siliconix/si9986cy-t1-e3/ic-buffered-h-bridge-1a-13-2v/dp/1612431. It has low voltage drop, so it should work OK with a 5V supply.
The L293D might also work, but it will need a supply voltage of 7 to 8V because of its voltage drop. Also the motor stall current is a bit too much for it. Another possibility is to use a L298N-based motor driver board (available inexpensively via eBay), however once again you will need to supply 7 to 8V because of its voltage drop.
If he uses an NPN transistor for the top, he will have it operating as "emitter follower" which says essentially the emitter will follow the base at 0.7V less. So if the Arduino output is 4 Volts, the best that poor top transistor can do is 3.3V. This is why most H-bridges use a PNP pair on the top side. If you switch to MOSFET's you still need P-Channel devices because with N-Channel, you can't get the Gate higher enough to turn it on without elaborate conversion tricks. --Rob
Note PNP for top-side drivers, diode bridge to stop inductive spikes burning things out,
driver stage transistors to allow 2-wire control and increase current gain. The values
of R5 and R6 are selected according to the supply voltage, load and gain of the transistors
to put them into saturation for desired loads.
With good transistors (ie modern super-beta devices) you can get saturation losses of 0.1V
or so for small motors (compared to ~2V for a darlington H-bridges like the L293/L298D),
meaning higher currents can be countenanced without heatsinking.
