First, thank you all in advanced for the help.
Second, I have only had an Arduino for about a week. Although I am a complete beginner, I have had my proud moments 
With help I have been able to implement a FSM to go through the color wheel with a RGB LED. I would now like to learn how to switch through each case by using a button.
This is the code I am working with.
//RGB LED pins
// Mashed up from _1_RGB_Tstrorm _Test and _3LED_On_and_Off_Diff_Gotit
int ledAnalogOne[] = {9, 10, 11}; //the three pins of the first analog LED 3 = redPin, 5 = greenPin, 6 = bluePin
//These pins must be PWM
//Defined Colors (different RGB (red, green, blue) values for colors
//(to add your own ie. fuscia experiment and then add to the list)
const byte RED[] = {255, 0, 0};
const byte ORANGE[] = {83, 4, 0};
const byte YELLOW[] = {255, 255, 0};
const byte GREEN[] = {0, 255, 0};
const byte BLUE[] = {0, 0, 255};
const byte INDIGO[] = {4, 0, 19};
const byte VIOLET[] = {23, 0, 22};
const byte CYAN[] = {0, 255, 255};
const byte MAGENTA[] = {255, 0, 255};
const byte WHITE[] = {255, 255, 255};
const byte PINK[] = {158, 4, 79};
const byte TEST[] = {255, 255, 255 };
const byte BLACK[] = {0, 0, 0};
int led1State = 0;
long int led1time = 10UL;
unsigned long count1 = 0;
boolean timeout(unsigned long *marker, unsigned long interval) {
if (millis() - *marker >= interval) {
*marker += interval; // move on ready for next interval
return true;
}
else return false;
}
void setup(){
led1time = 1UL;
led1State = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++){
pinMode(ledAnalogOne[i], OUTPUT); //Set the three LED pins as outputs
}
setColor(ledAnalogOne, BLACK); //Turn off led 1
}
void loop() {
// Act if the latter time (ms) has now passed on this particular counter,
if (timeout(&count1, led1time )) {
switch (led1State) {
case 0:
{ // begin the sequence
led1State = 1; // next step
led1time = 2000UL; // for half a second
fadeToColor(ledAnalogOne, RED, ORANGE, 5); // switch it on
break;
}
case 1:
{
led1State = 2; // next step
led1time = 2000UL; // for however
fadeToColor(ledAnalogOne, YELLOW, GREEN, 5); // switch it off
break;
}
case 2:
{
led1State = 3;
led1time = 2000UL;
fadeToColor(ledAnalogOne, BLUE, INDIGO, 5); // switch it on
break;
}
case 3:
{
led1State = 4;
led1time = 2000UL;
fadeToColor(ledAnalogOne, VIOLET, CYAN, 5); // switch it off
break;
}
case 4:
{
led1State = 5;
led1time = 2000UL;
fadeToColor(ledAnalogOne, MAGENTA, WHITE, 5);
break;
}
case 5:
{
led1State = 0;
led1time = 2000UL;
fadeToColor(ledAnalogOne, PINK, BLACK, 3);
break;
}
}}}
void setColor(int* led, byte* color){
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++){ //iterate through each of the three pins (red green blue)
analogWrite(led[i], 255 - color[i]); //set the analog output value of each pin to the input value (ie led[0] (red pin) to 255- color[0] (red input color)
//we use 255 - the value because our RGB LED is common anode, this means a color is full on when we output analogWrite(pin, 0)
//and off when we output analogWrite(pin, 255).
}
}
/* A version of setColor that takes a predefined color (neccesary to allow const int pre-defined colors */
void setColor(int* led, const byte* color){
byte tempByte[] = {color[0], color[1], color[2]};
setColor(led, tempByte);
}
/* Fades the LED from a start color to an end color at fadeSpeed
led - (int array of three values defining the LEDs pins (led[0] = redPin, led[1] = greenPin, led[2] = bluePin))
startCcolor - (byte array of three values defing the start RGB color (startColor[0] = start Red value, startColor[1] = start Green value, startColor[2] = start Red value
endCcolor - (byte array of three values defing the finished RGB color (endColor[0] = end Red value, endColor[1] = end Green value, endColor[2] = end Red value
fadeSpeed - this is the delay in milliseconds between steps, defines the speed of the fade
*/
void fadeToColor(int* led, byte* startColor, byte* endColor, int fadeSpeed){
int changeRed = endColor[0] - startColor[0]; //the difference in the two colors for the red channel
int changeGreen = endColor[1] - startColor[1]; //the difference in the two colors for the green channel
int changeBlue = endColor[2] - startColor[2]; //the difference in the two colors for the blue channel
int steps = max(abs(changeRed),max(abs(changeGreen), abs(changeBlue))); //make the number of change steps the maximum channel change
for(int i = 0 ; i < steps; i++){ //iterate for the channel with the maximum change
byte newRed = startColor[0] + (i * changeRed / steps); //the newRed intensity dependant on the start intensity and the change determined above
byte newGreen = startColor[1] + (i * changeGreen / steps); //the newGreen intensity
byte newBlue = startColor[2] + (i * changeBlue / steps); //the newBlue intensity
byte newColor[] = {newRed, newGreen, newBlue}; //Define an RGB color array for the new color
setColor(led, newColor); //Set the LED to the calculated value
delay(fadeSpeed); //Delay fadeSpeed milliseconds before going on to the next color
}
setColor(led, endColor); //The LED should be at the endColor but set to endColor to avoid rounding errors
}
/* A version of fadeToColor that takes predefined colors (neccesary to allow const int pre-defined colors */
void fadeToColor(int* led, const byte* startColor, const byte* endColor, int fadeSpeed){
byte tempByte1[] = {startColor[0], startColor[1], startColor[2]};
byte tempByte2[] = {endColor[0], endColor[1], endColor[2]};
fadeToColor(led, tempByte1, tempByte2, fadeSpeed);
}