How can I learn to program the IC on an Arduino?

The Integrated Circuit being the main component of an Arduino board enables conversion of Analog signals into Digital Signals among one of its functions. How can I learn to program an IC chip and design one?

Can you help me?

Thanks!

Program an IC chip? Like the Atmega328P, 1284P, 2560? Follow the Tutorials and whatnot in the Resources Tab. Then practice a lot.

Design a chip? At the transistor level? That's college for sure.

There are chips that you can program like a custom IC. These have lots of gates and stuff, you use a tool like VHDL, Very High Descriptive Language I think, that you use to program the gates to do the functionality you desire. Research VHDL, FGPA, to start.
There used to be smaller parts, PAL (Programmable Array Logic) and GAL (different logic family but similar to PAL) where you create smaller chips or program custom 32-level state machines with a different, easier to learn tool (compared to VHDL), I don't know if those are still around.
I guess they are:
https://www.digikey.com/products/en/integrated-circuits-ics/embedded-plds-programmable-logic-device/719?k=22v10&k=&pkeyword=22v10&FV=ffe002cf&mnonly=0&ColumnSort=0&page=1&stock=1&quantity=0&ptm=0&fid=0&pageSize=25

psomdeb25:
How can I learn to program an IC chip

Your title is at odds with this. The title says

How can I learn to program the IC on an Arduino?

The simple answer to the question in your Title is that you download the Arduino IDE to your PC, Connect the Arduino to your PC with a USB cable and use the Arduino IDE to upload a program. There are several example programs that cna help get you started.

...R