I have installed an Arduino board on a machine that vibrates a lot. I'm worried that the components on the board after some time will be damaged or fall off, because of all this vibration.
Does there exist any boxes or other kind of enclosures that I could install the board in and which will absorb some of the vibration?
Anti vibration mountings come in all types from simple rubber feet to complex suspensions on wires. However, if you have to buy them they are expensive. Look at optical bench mounts for an example of them. Best bet is to make your own or better still try and move the electronics outside that environment. The other thing you can do is to pot or encapsulate the electronics in resin. Or mount it on a half inflated rubber inner tube.