Use the number returned by random() as the index to an array of phrases.
Something like
char * phrases[] = {"Phrase 1", "Phrase 2", "Phrase 3", "Phrase 4"};
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(115200);
randomSeed(analogRead(A0)); //attempt to make the sequence more random
}
void loop()
{
byte index = random(0, 3); //get a number between 0 and 3
Serial.println(phrases[index]); //use it as the index to the array of phrases
delay(1000);
}