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Do yourself a favour and please read How to get the best out of this forum and modify your post accordingly (including code tags and necessary documentation of your ask).
To your question, a csv file is laid out so that all the columns are organised by line in the file and a line has to be consecutive characters with separators for each column (a comma in a true csv file). So if you want to fill in the second column and already have a file with the first column you need to rewrite everything.
There are a few things wrong with your code in post #4.
Filenames on an SD card need to adhere to the 8.3 naming convention; Dados_machine is 13 characters long, you'll need to cut it down to 8 characters.
while (file.available()) checks if there is one character available. There is no guarantee that there is more than one character available; you however read 2 characters, the first one with Serial.write(file.read()) and the second one with dados = (file.read()).
dados is a long integer, file.read() returns one character of a text. So dados will only contain '5', not "55".
To store the data in a variable, you can use file.readBytesUntil().
If you change writeFile() to only write '\n' instead of "\r\n", readBytesUntil() can read till \n.
void readFile() {
file = SD.open("/Dados_machine.txt", FILE_READ);
if (file) {
if (file.available()) {
// clear the buffer
memset(buffer, '\0', sizeof(buffer));
// read till '\n' (line feed)
file.readBytesUntil('\n', buffer, sizeof(buffer));
// print
Serial.println(buffer);
}
file.close();
} else {
Serial.println("falhou");
}
}
buffer needs to be big enough to hold the longest line that you want to read plus one additional character for a terminating '\0'. So if your line is 20 characters, you need to declare buffer[21].