If all of the settings are a single byte then use an array. If you want named settings or if the values are not all single bytes then use a struct. An array or a struct can be written to and loaded from EEPROM using a single call to EEPROM.put() or EEPROM.get()
As the indexes into your address map are constants, I think they will not take up any data memory. How much data memory (i.e RAM) is used, depends on the variables that you want to store in it. If there are a mixture of bytes, ints, char strings etc, then use a struct like @UKHeliBob says in #2.
Is that because you are you going to read/write a single parameter ? It would be much safer to store the parameters in a struct, thus giving each of them a name, and to read/write the whole struct from/to the EEPROM when required