Robin2:
How did they know where they were or where they were going?How did they communicate with the outside world?
...R
INS = Inertial Navigation Systems.
Start with 3 gyroscopes on mutually perpendicular axes. Monitor those to create a platform that does not rotate in space. Attach three accelerometers, again mutually perpendicular axes of sensitive. When you know where you start and how much you accelerate in the three directions you can calculated your speed, therefore your movement. And you need to spend a while bunch of money in developing really good hardware and really good software. And there are quite a few ways to get position fixes to account for inevitable drift.