Interrupt handling without "attachInterrupt" causes reset

The most simple one: I want to understand how it's done without having the arduino-framework do it for me.
Just in case I need to do the same thing without the arduinoIDE, let's say using AtmelStudio.

Not very valid. The Arduino code is open source, you already have the source code for that function in the IDE already. If you want to know what happens then look at the code you already have.