I am thinking about making a device that allows one arduino communicate with another arduino via a laser beam (one way communication).
My laser draws less than 50ma, so I was thinking of just hooking it up to the TX pin of the transmitter arduino, and attach a photo-resistor onto the RX pin on the receiver arduino.
40mA is the absolute maximum you should draw from an Arduino pin. 20mA is the recommended maximum. You will need to use a transistor to switch your laser on and off.
You may get a simple TX -> RX to work in a dark room, but in real life free space optical communication you need to modulate the the TX laser (at, for example, 38kHz) and have a demodulator with AGC to filter out noise on the RX. You are basically doing the same thing that IR TV remotes do, so read up on this: A Multi-Protocol Infrared Remote Library for the Arduino
Some laser modules may not be happy if their Vin is switched on and off at 38kHz. You may need to use a more sophisticated laser driver with an ENABLE pin so that the output can be modulated while keeping the rest of the driver powered.