Or,
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Arduino PWM drives one input of a two-input NAND gate
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Main PWM drives an input of a second NAND gate
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Arduino also drives a retriggerable one-shot (555?)
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One-shot Q output drives 2nd input of Arduino NAND gate and through an inverter (4th 74HC00?):
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drives the 2nd input of the main PWM gate
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both of these NAND gates together drive a third two-input NAND which in turn drives
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a solid state relay which runs the fan
While Arduino provides PWM signal one-shot keeps Q output high. If Arduino goes away one-shot times out and switches to the main signal.