my first binary clock not working

Well since you already gave it away -

    {
        uint8_t     digit;

        // --- minutes ones

        digit = (minute / 10);
        digitalWrite( 1, ((digit & 0b00000001) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 1's
        digitalWrite( 2, ((digit & 0b00000010) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 2's
        digitalWrite( 3, ((digit & 0b00000100) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 4's
        digitalWrite( 4, ((digit & 0b00001000) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 8's

        // --- minutes tens

        digit = (minute % 10);
        digitalWrite( 5, ((digit & 0b00000001) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 1's
        digitalWrite( 6, ((digit & 0b00000010) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 2's
        digitalWrite( 7, ((digit & 0b00000100) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 4's


        // --- hours ones

        digit = (hour / 10);
        digitalWrite( 8, ((digit & 0b00000001) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 1's
        digitalWrite( 9, ((digit & 0b00000010) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 2's
        digitalWrite(10, ((digit & 0b00000100) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 4's
        digitalWrite(11, ((digit & 0b00001000) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 8's

        // --- hours tens

        digit = (hour % 10);
        digitalWrite(12, ((digit & 0b00000001) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 1's
        digitalWrite(13, ((digit & 0b00000010) ? LED_ON : LED_OFF)); // 2's
    }