To use a BT module from a Dell Laptop or a USB module, one needs a USB host shield and drivers for that module to make it work. The bluetooth chips in Cellphone are low-level baseband chips - the Bluetooth stack is handled by the main processor, so the chip wouldn't work without the rest of the phone.
Bluetooth modules for Arduino are a Bluetooth chipset that translates a bluetooth link to TTL serial data.
// Per.