Let me be frank-- I'm literally brand new to this so please show me some grace.
I'm looking for a specific sensor. Something like an impact sensor or tilt sensor but that can identify micro movements. Almost like how a heart rate monitor that detects a tiny pulse in your wrist or neck.
Here's another example. Imagine you're riding a bike on a super smooth road and you run over a rock that is the size of a tic tac. What kind of sensor would you use to detect that tiny disturbance?
I would consider using a very sensitive accelerometer. A single axis accelerometer. A piezo accelerometer. You make no mention of budget or the engineering units you want to see so I assume g force? Endevco, Bruel and Kajer to name a few manufacturers. I would also use a charge amp to amplify my accelerometer output. You need to be more specific than running over a thumb tack with a bicycle as in a force range you want to measure and budget?
I used the above mentioned to pick up small vibrations off motor pump bearings to notify users of impending bearing failure.