I'm still learning the code myself, but when I look at BD's code it makes sense to me. I think the fact that I understand how to use 7 seg. displays is the clue.
As I see it, each horizontal line of{1, 0, 1, 1......} controls which digit the display shows. 10 lines, 10 digits.
If you connect the arduino pins to the display pins exactly
like it says in line 4 of the code I think your display should count up from 0 to 9 in a continuous cycle.
Hadn't heard of charlieplex (had to look it up) but don't think it applies here. Forget about it for now & make sure you understand all about the display, then the code might make sense.