So just what does "nothing happens" mean?
The code does upload? Presumably it does as you have also run an I2Cscanner. What does the scanner say if you have no display connected?
Point here is that for start, you are using a defunct library. Install the "HD44780" library in the IDE Library Manager, run the test examples from the I2C class and you should find any working I²C backpack and be able to use the display with the example code from that up-to-date library.
