I would need to create a oil temperature gauge for my car. I have established a simple voltmeter display. This takes the voltage from the main car computer that is the oil temp. 3.0v cold 0.0v bioling. I have an equation that is capable of translating the V to celsius.
Most models of Arduino can do this. Maybe an Arduino pro mini?
Most Arduino can be powered from 12V, but this needs to be a safe, smooth, regulated 12V supply, and the 12V from a car is not those things. It can be 14V or higher when the engine is running, and can contain high voltage spikes which could damage the Arduino. Those spikes can also come in other inputs such as your oil temp signal, so that also may need filtering to protect the Arduino.
You can buy 12V to 5V "buck" converters made especially for use in vehicles, which should provide a safe power supply for the Arduino/OLED. Only a small current/power will be needed, probably 50mA will be enough.