I know there was the opposite problem of the menu NOT showing with macOS High Sierra:
but that was fixed in Arduino IDE 1.8.5.
In Windows when there are start-up problems you can run arduino_debug.exe from the command line to get some debug information on the problem. If I remember correctly, on other operating systems you don't need to use arduino_debug (and I think it doesn't even exist on those builds), you just run the arduino executable from the command line instead.
Of course it's best to find the solution to your problem but if you do end up needing a workaround you could use the Arduino Web Editor: