You either power the board from USB, or by a regulated 5.0V supply to the 5V
pin or by a supply of between 7 and 12V to the Vin pin or the power jack. In all cases GND is the
negative.
Feeding more than 5V to the 5V pin is fatal, as is getting the polarity wrong...
(except on the power jack which has a series diode)
No. VIN is the DC from the barrel jack connecter after it goes thru the reverse polarity protection diode.
5V is the output from the 5V regulator (and 3.3V from the 3.3V regulator).
You can see this on the Uno schematic
(or whichever Arduino you are using, see the Products page).