What you could relatively easy do is to make a volume seismogram (Or whatever it is called).
You need to connect the microphone to the analogport of the Arduino.
Connect the printer to serial.
setup[]
Set the baudrate
Send a ESC-P sequence to the printer to set it in graphical mode.
loop[]
sample the analogport as fast as you the Arduino can.
map this on 0..8
print a graphical character that is 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 dots above each other (see manual how to do this)
If the printer can do 24 pixels at once you can even make a "hi-res variation"