The MIDI library uses the Serial port to receive data. That means that you can't use it to debug your program. That leaves you with 4 choices:
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Get a different Arduino, like the Leonardo, where pins 0 and 1 belong to the Serial1 instance, not Seriail.
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Get an FTDI cable, and use SoftwareSerial on the RX and TX pins that you choose (NOT pins 0 and 1) to connect the FTDI cable to. Then, you can open a different COM port and use something like RealTerm or PuTTY to get the serial data from the FTDI cable.
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Get an LCD and print to it.
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Debug by guesswork.
Option 4 is the cheapest, but the least likely to be successful.