You say you're familiar with makefiles/compilers/etc, but your first message complained that the playground-documented techniques for compiler from the CLI were "rather complicated"??
Your choices are essentially:
Install a standard avr-gcc environment (winavr, etc, as people have been saying), and extract the arduino library sources to appropriate "standard" places for compiler/makefiles to access.
Install a standard arduino environment and extract the compiler/etc from it into standard binary locations so that it will run normally.
Either way, you'll have to learn enough about avrdude to use it to upload hex files to whichever variety of arduino you happen to have.
Either way isn't too hard, but will have a bit of a learning cliff before you can accomplish anything (unlike using the IDE.)