svalls:
Program microcontrolers without bootloader
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I suppose that I can do the program on the Arduino IDE, then save the hex file to my computer and burn it directly to fresh chips. It is right?
If you have a board like Arduino UNO just load ArduinoISP into it and connect Arduino UNO to the target AVR uC you want to program.
Arduino UNO + ArduinoISP form nothing else but an ordinary ISP programmer that together with avrdude can be used to load any hex file to most empty AVR controllers, without being obliged to write a bootloader first.
For details see this discussion:
http://arduino.cc/forum/index.php/topic,125248.0.html