I have a few Adafruit sensors, but lets take one of them, the TMP117 as an example.
I use it with an Arduini UNO R4 WiFi using the library provided by Adafruit and it works great.
My question is, if I order a custom PCB with the same sensor (without the Adafruit breakout board so just the Texas Instruments TMP117 Sensor), will my program with the Adafruit Library still work?
If you are grabbing the magic IC off a breakout board and using it with the same connections to the Arduino and the aame programming, you have to build the same circuit.
Often the data sheet for an IC will have a reference design showing additional components and a recommended PCB layout.
Often you will find the breakout board in your hands is a direct result of using the same components and using thePCB layout uncnhanged.
I simply check the data sheet, it has been checked several times to be sure it is correct. Hollowing its design guidelines and it should work flawlessly. Be sure to read the test as it needs pull up resistors on the I2C ports. https://www.ti.com/product/TMP117