My ESP8266 works quite well at 8m distance - through two walls. Never tried the maximum, I have seen reports of 100 meters line of sight, and more when using an external antenna. You will have to try this based on the location of your router. Mind: this varies with atmospheric conditions.
Even "when I can connect" is a poor measure unless you have your device actively scan for networks all the time. At the 100-meter point of your street you may have good connection, at the 80-meter point it may be gone again. You have to do lots of trial and error, and it'll be fairly unreliable still.
GPS is more reliable already - and would likely work for the 100-meter distance, but not for proximity to your door.
RFID has a very limited range, so that may work for your proximity request.
The "where are you in reference to me" location measurement may not be impossible, but it's anything but a solved problem.