For cost-effective I'd pick a cheap Arduino clone (like a $3 Nano clone), a cheap GPS module (like $14 Ublox NEO-6M), and a cheap ESP8266 WiFi module (like a $3 ESP-1). Then it's just a small matter of programming.
The GPS and ESP8266 both use serial I/O. This might be a problem since the Nano only has one hardware serial port and that will be handy for debugging through Serial Monitor. It might be worth the extra $5 to get an $8 Arduino Mega 2560 clone which has four hardware serial ports.
An SD-card adapter (for $0.99) will give you some place to store your tracking data while waiting for access to a WiFi connection.