One characteristic of an opamp is they cannot output more than their supply voltage. And the LM358 can only go within about 1.5 volts of the +v supply so the LM358 cannot put out more than 3.5 to 4 volts.
I agree with Leo, every LED controller of this type I've seen accepts a PWM input.
I think you should get yourself a N-Channel MosFet, like a 2N7000. Connect the:
Drain to the PWM input
Gate to your Arduino PWM output
Source to you Arduino ground and the LED controller control input common.
You could use a small NPN transistor as well.
The benefit is you don't have to create a 10 signal. The controller likely puts out a 10V when the inputs are not connected (you can check this with a voltmeter).
Because you are not inputting a signal (only connecting the two inputs together, there is no risk of damage to your LED controller.