Having no ideas about how to power the arduino not through the usb? Ideally I'd like to know what options do I have and how long can these power my arduino without being connected to my computer.
Connect 3- D-cell battery pack to +5, Gnd, with diode from +5 (cathode) to Vin (anode), will run a long time.
C, AA, AAA, not as long.
Use a 7.5V wallwart to barrel jack, run indefinitely.
Ideally I'd like to know what options do I have and how long can these power my arduino
You can only know this if you know how much total current your arduino is drawing, that means the both the board and anything that is being powered by it.