If the display does not get 5.0V power, but for example 4.7V, then the 3.3V signal levels come more in range. The STM32 has pins that can be 5V tolerant, so it would be possible to make a 5V I2C bus and everything should be more or less fine.
But I don't want to get too funky with this. If there is trouble, then fall back to something that is straightforward. A 3.3V processor with a 3.3V I2C bus is straightforward.