You will need an application on your computer to send the contents of the file to the Arduino. This could be done over serial, wifi, ethenret, bluetooth, etc. It's up to you. All of those except serial will require additional hardware.
You will need code in your sketch to receive that communication, the specific details depend on the method of communication.
Another option would be to put the text file on an SD card and use a SD card reader shield or module on your Arduino.