Reading the output of a TX into an RX

(I do know the structure of the packet the USB receives, so I am looking for something similar to that).

What ever you are looking for it is not that.

At the moment I have a touch screen that I usually interface to via Windows (serial DB9 RS232 connection).

It would be good if you provide a link to it.

To convert RS232 to something you can feed into an Arduino you need a level converter something like the Max202 or one of the very many variants.