This is the schematic of how to turn on this motor by selecting the speed with a slide switch. To use an Arduino to replace the switch, you will need to know the current that passes between C and B and between C and A, or use 2 relays
I'm pretty sure it's not a stepper motor. The last thing you want is the record "stepping". You want smooth rotation.
There might be a built-in RPM sensor. (It looks like there are enough connector-contacts for one. Most turntables work that way (with a speed sensor in a feedback loop) or they have synchronous AC motors (like clock motors) that sync to the 50 or 60Hz line frequency.
Without some kind of speed sensing and feedback you can't really control the speed of a DC motor and it certainly won't hold the correct speed from 9 to 12V.
Except for direct-drive turntables, most turntables change speeds (33/45/78) mechanically by switching the position of a rubber drive wheel on a stepped armature with different diameters, or there are 2 or more sets of different diameter pulleys with a drive belt that you can move. If it uses a rubber drive wheel there's usually a lever but with belts you often you have to remove the platter to move the drive belt and change speeds.
If you could I need some more help. I don't have a clue how to connect it, which pins go where on the ardunio / breadboard, what driver i might need etc. Im an absolute novice and it's showing
Thank you in advance
ruilviana found a schematic for you and it doesn't have any speed-feedback, just a switch. That's pretty straightforward.
I assume the speed control (to keep constant-precise speed) is built-in.
Are you trying to build a record player/turntable or do you just want to play-around with the motor?
Regular record players/turntables don't have a microcontroller.
But you can turn the motor on & off with a relay (1) and an Arduino, or you can build MOSFET driver circuit that can also "control" the speed with PWM. But the MOSFET circuit by-itself doesn't know actual speed so it's like the gas pedal on your car without cruise control. And PWM might conflict with the motors built-in control.
(1) You need a relay driver circuit so it's easier to get a relay board that has a relay and a driver.