Run state machine if condition met

Aha! I got it working. Found this example code that generates white noise without the microSecondDelay on this post.

#define speakerPin 8

unsigned long lastClick;

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
   pinMode(speakerPin,OUTPUT);
   lastClick = micros();   
}


/* initialize with any 32 bit non-zero  unsigned long value. */
#define LFSR_INIT  0xfeedfaceUL
/* Choose bits 32, 30, 26, 24 from  http://arduino.stackexchange.com/a/6725/6628
 *  or 32, 22, 2, 1 from 
 *  http://www.xilinx.com/support/documentation/application_notes/xapp052.pdf
 *  or bits 32, 16, 3,2  or 0x80010006UL per http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/lfsr/index.html 
 *  and http://users.ece.cmu.edu/~koopman/lfsr/32.dat.gz
 */  
#define LFSR_MASK  ((unsigned long)( 1UL<<31 | 1UL <<15 | 1UL <<2 | 1UL <<1  ))

unsigned int generateNoise(){ 
  // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_feedback_shift_register#Galois_LFSRs
   static unsigned long int lfsr = LFSR_INIT;  /* 32 bit init, nonzero */
   /* If the output bit is 1, apply toggle mask.
                                    * The value has 1 at bits corresponding
                                    * to taps, 0 elsewhere. */

   if(lfsr & 1) { lfsr =  (lfsr >>1) ^ LFSR_MASK ; return(1);}
   else         { lfsr >>= 1;                      return(0);}
}


void loop() {
      /* ... */
      if ((micros() - lastClick) > 50 ) { // Changing this value changes the frequency.
        lastClick = micros();
        digitalWrite (speakerPin, generateNoise());
      }

}

Tweaked it to fit my code, and added this to the beginning of the loop.

   if ((aState == HIGH) || (bState == HIGH)) {
     if ((micros() - lastClick) > 40 ) { // Changing this value changes the frequency.
       lastClick = micros();
       digitalWrite (buzzerA, generateNoise());
       digitalWrite(buzzerB, generateNoise());
     }
   }

Sounds a little more modulated than just running the white noise code on its own...but I think it'll work.