You would need a device on the other end of the USB cable that is capable of interpreting USB commands. That would most likely be a computer. The cheapest option would probably be a Raspberry Pi Zero but that's kind of overkill just for the sake of being able to use a USB cable for communication.
Why not just drive the LCD directly from the Arduino? That will be much more simple.
Does the external panel need to be separated from the Arduino? If so, by how much distance (i.e. cable length).