Hi,
I went trough several manuals how to burn a bootloader on 3D printer (in my case Ender 3). I should point out, that I'm total noob in electronics/programming but I will try to describe the problem and my partial solution in detail as clear as possible. Based on the problem description below, can someone please write me a concise manual, what to do to burn bootloader without error?
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So first of all, I've bought this cheap UNO clone (see attached image), connected it to PC and installed CH341SER driver so it's now visible as "USB-SERIAL CH340" as can be seen in 02image.
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I followed instruction an try to upload bootloader onto this UNO clone (used ISP file "File/Examples/11.ArduinoISP"; selected UNO board "Tools/Board/Arduino Genuino UNO; selected port COM9; and selected programmer option "AVRISP mkII"). In other words, I worked as described in numerous manuals. Unfortunately, following error popped:
Arduino: 1.8.7 (Windows 7), Board: "Arduino/Genuino Uno"
Sketch uses 4402 bytes (13%) of program storage space. Maximum is 32256 bytes.
Global variables use 482 bytes (23%) of dynamic memory, leaving 1566 bytes for local variables. Maximum is 2048 bytes.
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 1 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xf3
avrdude: stk500_recv(): programmer is not responding
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 2 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xf3
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 3 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xe0
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 4 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xe0
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 5 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xe0
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 6 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 7 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xe0
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 8 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xe0
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 9 of 10: not in sync: resp=0xe0
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 10 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x00
Problem uploading to board. See http://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/Troubleshooting#upload for suggestions.
This report would have more information with
"Show verbose output during compilation"
option enabled in File -> Preferences.
Any suggestions why this happened and how to solve this?
Anyway, I try to solve this problem on my own (99.99% wrong approach, but.. somehow it worked, continue reading)
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So i tried to upload bootloader using different board (not "Arduino/Genuino UNO"). The package of boards I chose and install was "Atmel AVR Xplained-minis by Atmel University France version 0.6.0" containing board "Atmega328p-xmini". I used this exact board to upload bootloader on this UNO clone and the process was successful. After upload of bootloader, I tried to upload simple "Blink" example and the LED of UNO clone started to blink. This was impossible before bootloader upload. So I guess the upload was successful even when "Atmega328p-xmini" board was used for UNO clone (strange?).
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I continued with the bootloader burn process as described in manuals. I can mention two of these from Teaching Tech (Ender 3: How to install a bootloader and update firmware - YouTube) and TH3D Studio (Bootloader Flashing Guide - CR-10/Ender 2/Ender 3/Ender 5/X3S/X5S/Wanhao i3 - 1284p Boards - YouTube). I followed the wiring in these manuals, briefly:
Ender 3 (Melzi) -----> UNO clone
MISO ----------------> MISO
5V -------------------> 5V
SCK -----------------> SCK
MOSI ---------------> MOSI
GND ----------------> GND
RESET --------------> Digital Pin 10
When I completed this wiring (via jumper wires), I checked the tightness of joints connection and connected the UNO clone to PC. Melzi board LED turned on as well as 3D printer LCD (connection seemed to be ok). I proceed to step of bootloader burning. In "Tools/Board" I've chose "Sanguino" (installed from "Sanguino by Kristian Sloth Lauszus version 1.0.2" using boards manager), selected processor "ATmega1284 or ATmega1284p (16MHz)" and appropriate com port (COM9). Next, I selected programmer option "Arduino as ISP" and clicked on "Burn Bootloader". Here is the error I got:
Arduino: 1.8.7 (Windows 7), Board: "Sanguino, ATmega1284 or ATmega1284P (16 MHz)"
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 1 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x15
avrdude: stk500_getsync() attempt 2 of 10: not in sync: resp=0x15
avrdude: stk500_getparm(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x14
avrdude: stk500_getparm(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x01
avrdude: stk500_initialize(): (a) protocol error, expect=0x14, resp=0x10
avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1
Double check connections and try again, or use -F to override
this check.
avrdude: stk500_disable(): unknown response=0x12
Error while burning bootloader.
This report would have more information with
"Show verbose output during compilation"
option enabled in File -> Preferences.
I have tried this exact setup and procedure using different PC and the error was identical 
So what I had done so far?
I manage to upload bootloader onto UNO clone using different board selection.
However I was not able to burn bootloader from this UNO clone to ATmega1284p (16MHz) on the Melzi board of Ender printer.
Any suggestions what should I do to complete the process of bootloader burning? It's driving me nuts already :((
Possible options ("my" theory):
A) Upload bootloader using "Arduino/Genuino UNO" board, so it can be successfully burned using programmer option "Arduino as ISP".
B) Somehow add option "ATmega328p-xmini" to programmer, so the bootloader can be uploaded without error.
My apologies for the non-technical language and inaccurate description, my knowledge is limited. My English also sucks Can someone please help me?
). Then basically grab the capacitor on both ends, making good contact with the tinned parts without touching the PCB, and just lift it. DONE."
